Resumo O presente trabalho buscou avaliar o perfil de temperatura ao longo do interior da parede de um forno de clínquer de uma indústria de cimento. O problema foi modelado pela equação da condução transiente de calor em coordenadas cilíndricas, considerando-se simetria radial. Sendo a parede composta de diferentes materiais, mesmo adotando-se propriedades físicas constantes, não há solução analítica para o problema. Empregou-se o método das linhas, sendo as direções radial e axial discretizadas por diferenças finitas e o sistema de equações diferenciais ordinárias resultante integrado no tempo até a obtenção do campo de temperaturas em regime permanente. O campo obtido foi compatível com fundamentos de transferência de calor e apresentou bom ajuste em relação a dados industriais. As principais limitações da modelagem realizada incluem o fato de os gases e sólidos contidos no forno não terem sido modelados e a variação nas espessuras das camadas da parede do forno não ter sido considerada. O programa desenvolvido pode ser empregado na avaliação do desempenho de diferentes refratários ou na inferência do nível de desgaste dos refratários a partir de perfis experimentais de temperatura na superfície do forno.

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the temperature profile along the inside of the wall of a clinker kiln from a cement industry. The problem was modeled by the equation of transient heat conduction in cylindrical coordinates, considering radial symmetry. Being the wall composed of different materials, even adopting constant physical properties, there is no analytical solution to the problem. The method of the lines was used, being the radial and axial directions discretized by finite differences and the resulting system of ordinary differential equations integrated in time until obtaining the temperature field in steady state. The obtained field was compatible with heat transfer fundamentals and presented a good fit in relation to industrial data. The main limitations of the modeling performed in this study include the fact that the gases and solids contained in the kiln have not been modeled, and the variation in thicknesses of the layers of the kiln wall has not been considered. The program developed in this study can be used to evaluate the performance of different refractories or to infer the refractory wear level from experimental kiln surface temperature profiles.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the digestive tract characteristics, metabolizability and nutrient retention of broilers fed diets supplemented with enzyme complex (EC). To evaluate the characteristics of the digestive tract 600 female Cobb 500 birds were used, distributed in a completely randomized design, with 5 inclusion levels of the EC (0; 100, 200, 300 and 400 g/ton) and 6 replicates of 20 birds each. To evaluate the metabolizability and the retention of nutrients 200 female Cobb 500 birds at 15 days of age were used, distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 levels of supplementation of the EC and 4 replicates of 10 birds each. No significant effects (P>0.05) were observed for the supplementation of the EC in the intestinal pH, digestive organ weight, intestinal length and metabolizable coefficients of dry matter and crude protein. The metabolizable coefficient of ethereal extract was influenced in a quadratic decreasing form (P<0.01). The metabolizable coefficients of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) were influenced in a quadratic increase (P<0.01), resulting in increased Ca retention in 21.39% and P in 9.56%. Supplementation of the EC in broiler diets improves the metabolizability and retention of P and Ca, without affecting the other parameters evaluated.

ABSTRACT This study aimed at evaluating beak-trimming methods and intensities on the performance, beak length and uniformity, and egg parameters of commercial layers. During the rearing period, birds were distributed in randomized blocks, with a 2x3 factorial design + two treatments, consisting of beak trimming with infrared (IR) radiation (moderate or severe); three IR intensities (low: 42 nm, intermediate: 46 nm, or high: 52 nm); and two control hot blade (HB) beak trimming treatments (moderate or severe) with eight treatments and five replicates of 21 chicks each, totaling 840 birds. During the growing phase (second experiment) the factorial design was modified to 2 x 3 x 2 + 4, comprising two IR beak-trimming intensities (moderate or severe); three IR radiation intensities (low, moderate and high), second beak trimming at 11 weeks of age or not, and four additional HB beak-trimming treatments (moderate or severe) beak-trimming intensities, and second beak trimming at 11 weeks of age or not. There were 16 treatments with six replicates of seven birds each, totaling 672 laying hens, out of which 576 were selected for evaluation during the production period, with the same number of treatments and replicates of the previous phase. Weight gain (g), body weight (g), body weight uniformity (%), beak length (mm) and uniformity (%), absence of cannibalism (%), livability (%), egg production (%), feed intake (g), feed conversion per eggmass, eggmass, specific gravity, eggshell strength, Haugh unit, % yolk were evaluated. Beak trimming by infra-red radiation may be employed in commercial laying hens.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different reductions in digestible amino acids content (lysine, methionine, and threonine), according to two nutritional requirements in corn, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal based diets, with protease supplementation, on performance parameters and carcass characteristics. A total of 1080 day-old chicks, male, Cobb 500, were allotted to a completely randomized design, in a factorial arrangement 3 x 2, three reductions in digestible amino acids content (lysine, methionine, and threonine) and two nutritional requirements (Rostagno et al. 2005 and Cobb-Vantress Guidelines 2008), and all diets were supplemented with protease (200 ppm) with 6 replicates of 30 birds per pen. There was no significant interaction (p<0.05) between digestible amino acid reductions and both nutritional requirements for the performance variables and carcass yield and cuts. There was an effect of amino acid reduction and protease supplementation only on slaughter weight (p<0.05). Broilers fed according to the nutritional requirements of Rostagno et al. (2005) showed better (p<0.05) performance when compared to broilers fed as specified by the nutritional requirements of Cobb-Vantress (2008) with no significant differences in carcass characteristics. Protease supplementation of corn, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal based diets allows a reduction in the inclusion of crystalline amino acids (lysine, methionine, and threonine).

Abstract Cultivation conditions and the process considerably influence the composition of microalgae. The objective of this study was to use CO2 as a carbon source in semi-continuous cultivation of Spirulina sp. LEB 18 and Chlorella fusca LEB 111 and to evaluate the influence of the renewal rate on the biomass composition and production of these microalgae. Spirulina sp. LEB 18 and Chlorella fusca LEB 111 were cultivated with 10% (v/v) CO2. The blend concentration was 1.6 g L-1, and 20 and 40% (v/v) renewal rates were studied. Spirulina sp. LEB 18 presented the best kinetic results and the maximum biomass concentration and biopolymer yield when grown with CO2 as the carbon source. Under the same conditions (10% (v/v) CO2), the microalgae Spirulina sp. LEB 18 and Chlorella fusca LEB 111 exhibited maximum levels of protein, carbohydrates and lipids.

RESUMOO melão de São Caetano, planta trepadeira originaria do leste indiano e sul da Índia, é encontrada no bioma caatinga. Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a biometria dos frutos e o número de sementes por fruto do melão de São Caetano. Os frutos foram coletados em área de vegetação nativa do campus da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), situada no município de Mossoró, RN, seguindo para o laboratório de fitotecnia para a determinação das seguintes características: comprimento, diâmetro e peso dos frutos, bem como o número de sementes por fruto. As análises descritivas e gráficas foram realizadas utilizando o pacote estatístico software R-project. As variáveis, comprimento e diâmetro apresentaram baixa amplitude de variação e bons valores de coeficiente de variação. Já o peso do fruto e o número de sementes por fruto mostraram alta amplitude de variação. Verificou-se alto grau de simetria e distribuição mesocúrtica para todas as características avaliadas nesse estudo. Constatou-se também a correlação linear simples positiva significativa entre o comprimento e o diâmetro, e não significativa entre o peso e o número de sementes por fruto, e que os dados referentes a todas as características do fruto do melão de São Caetano avaliadas neste trabalho se ajustaram à distribuição normal de probabilidade, o que permite a realização de inferências com base estatística.

ABSTRACTThe melon from Sao Caetano is a climbing plant, originally from India and South East India and is found in the savanna biome. This study aimed to evaluate the biometric fruit and the number of seeds per fruit of the melon Sao Caetano. The fruits were collected inside a native vegetation area of the campus at the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), located in the city of Mossoró, RN. They were then taken to the laboratory of crop science, for the determination of the following characteristics: length, diameter and fruit weight as well as number of seeds per fruit. The descriptive and graphical analyzes were performed by using the statistical package R -project software. The length and diameter variables exhibited a low amplitude variation and a good value for the coefficient of variation. However, the fruit weight and number of seeds per fruit showed a high amplitude variation. There was a high degree of symmetry and a flattened distribution for all traits evaluated in this study. It was also found significant positive simple linear correlation between the length and diameter, and no significant difference between the weight and number of seeds per fruit. The data related to all features of the São Caetano melon fruit evaluated in this study were adjusted to normal distribution of probability which allows the performance of interferences with statistical basis.

RESUMOObjetivou-se com este trabalho verificar a divergência genética entre sete genótipos de frangos tipo caipira da linhagem Redbro utilizando as características de desempenho por meio de técnicas de análise multivariada. Foram utilizados 840 pintos de um dia, machos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, dos seguintes genótipos: Caboclo, Carijó, Colorpak, Gigante Negro, Pesadão Vermelho, Pescoço Pelado e Tricolor. Após a consistência dos dados, foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: ganho em peso médio diário, consumo de ração médio diário e conversão alimentar, para os períodos: 1 a 28, 1 a 56, 1 a 70 e 1 a 84 dias de idade; peso corporal ao nascimento, aos 28, 56, 70 e aos 84 dias de idade. O desempenho dos genótipos foi avaliado por meio da análise de variância multivariada e da função discriminante linear de Fisher, usando os testes do maior autovalor de Roy e da união-interseção de Roy para as comparações múltiplas. O estudo da divergência genética foi feito por meio da análise por variáveis canônicas e pelo método de otimização de Tocher. Os genótipos Caboclo e Gigante Negro apresentaram médias canônicas diferentes dos demais genótipos. As duas primeiras variáveis canônicas explicaram 97,41% da variação entre os genótipos. A divergência genética entre os genótipos avaliados permitiu a formação de quatro grupos com os seguintes genótipos: grupo 1 - Colorpak; grupo 2 - Pesadão Vermelho e Pescoço Pelado; grupo 3 - Carijó e Tricolor; e grupo 4 - Caboclo e Gigante Negro.

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic divergence among seven genotypes of alternative strain of broiler chickens of the Redbro strain using the performance characteristics using multivariate analysis. We used 840 day old male chicks, distributed in a completely randomized design, with the following genotypes: Caboclo, Carijó, Colorpak, Gigante Negro, Pesadão Vermelho, Pescoço Pelado and Tricolor. After the consistency of the data, the following variables were analyzed: average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion for the periods: 1 to 28, 1 to 56, 1 to 70 and 1 to 84 days of age, body weight at birth, at 28, 56, 70 and at 84 days old. The performance of genotypes was assessed by multivariate analysis of variance and Fisher's linear discriminant function, using the tests of the largest eigenvalue of Roy and the Roy union-intersection for multiple comparisons. The study of genetic diversity was done by canonical variate analysis and the method of Tocher. The genotypes Caboclo and Gigante Negro had different canonical averages from the other genotypes. The first two canonical variables accounted for 97.41% of the variation among genotypes. The genetic divergence between the genotypes allowed the formation of four groups with the following genotypes: group 1 - Colorpak, group 2 - Pesadão Vermelho and Pescoço Pelado; group 3 - Carijó and Tricolor, and group 4 - Caboclo and Gigante Negro.

ResumoEntre março de 2010 e agosto de 2011 foram necropsiados 100 espécimes de Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879), do litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (22°51’S, 43°56’O), para estudo da sua comunidade de metazoários parasitos. Todos os espécimes de S. brasiliensis estavam parasitados por pelo menos uma espécie de metazoário, com média de 68,7 ± 71,2 parasitos/peixe. Onze espécies foram coletadas: 3 digenéticos, 1 monogenético, 2 cestóides, 3 nematóides e 2 copépodes. O digenético Myosaccium ecaude Montgomery foi a espécie mais abundante, prevalente, e dominante, representando 72,7% dos metazoários parasitos, apresentando correlação positiva entre o comprimento total do hospedeiro e a abundância parasitária. A abundância parasitária total foi positivamente correlacionada com o comprimento total do hospedeiro. Três pares de endoparasitos adultos apresentaram associação e covariação positivas significativas. A comunidade parasitária de S. brasiliensisapresentou dominância por digenéticos. Sardinella brasiliensisrepresenta novo registro de hospedeiro para a maioria dos parasitos encontrados.

AbstractBetween March 2010 and August 2011 were necropsied 100 specimens of Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879), from the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (22°51’S, 43°56’W), to study their community of metazoan parasites. All specimens of S. brasiliensis were parasitized by at least one species of metazoan parasite, with mean of 68.7 ± 71.2 parasites/fish. Eleven species were collected: 3 digeneans, 1 monogenean, 2 cestodes, 3 nematodes and 2 copepods. The digenean Myosaccium ecaude Montgomery was the most abundant, prevalent, and dominant species, representing 72.7% of metazoan parasites collected, showing positive correlation between host’s total length and parasite abundance. Total parasite abundance was positively correlated with host’s total length. Three pairs of adult endoparasites showed significant positive association and covariation. The parasite community of S. brasiliensis showed dominance by digeneans. Sardinella brasiliensis represents new host record for most found parasite species.

In this paper, we investigate the performance of a Soft-Input soft-Output decoding algorithm for LDPC codes that uses Euclidean distance as its metric, in the Rayleigh fading channel. It is found that its Bit Error Rate performance is close to that of traditional decoding algorithms like the Sum-Product algorithm and its logarithmic version. Main characteristics of the proposed algorithm and its modification to perform over the Rayleigh channel are described. This algorithm uses squared Euclidean distance as the metric, does not require knowledge of the signal-to-noise ratio of the received signal, and is less complex to implement than other soft-input, soft-output algorithms

The main goal of a voice conversion system is to modify the voice of a source speaker, in order to be perceived as if it had been uttered by another specific speaker. Many approaches found in the literature convert only the features related to the vocal tract of the speaker. Our proposal is to convert those characteristics, and to process the signal passing through the vocal chords. Thus, the goal of this work is to obtain better scores in the voice conversion results

O emprego correto de plantas para fins terapêuticos pela população requer o uso daquelas selecionadas por sua eficácia e segurança, com base na tradição popular e/ou cientificamente validadas como medicinais. Bidens pilosa L. é uma espécie que ocorre amplamente em regiões tropicais sendo conhecida no Brasil pelo nome popular "picão-preto". Quatro agentes da pastoral da Saúde foram identificadas na região de Criciúma/SC por possuírem maiores informações de cunho popular sobre Bidens pilosa. A pesquisa ocorreu por meio de entrevista, onde foram compiladas informações sobre o conhecimento do "picão-preto", manuseio, farmacógeno, proporção farmacógeno/ solvente, técnica de preparo, formas de uso/posologia, indicações e restrições de uso. A forma farmacêutica utilizada variou significativamente, assim como a posologia. A análise de informações coletadas mostra a ação antiinflamatória como principal indicação terapêutica.

The correct use of plants for therapeutic purposes requires selection of those showing efficacy and safety based on the popular tradition and/or scientific validation. Bidens pilosa L. is a species that widely occurs in tropical regions and is known in Brazil as "picão-preto". Four agents from the Health Pastoral Service were identified in the region of Criciuma, Santa Catarina State, for their popular knowledge of Bidens pilosa. The study was conducted by means of interview which provided data concerning the knowledge of "picão preto", handling, used plant part, plant/solvent proportion, preparation methods, administration route/dosage, indication and restrictions. The pharmaceutical form, as well as the posology, was significantly variable. Analysis of the collected data showed anti-inflammatory action as the main therapeutic indication.